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Biofertilizer

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A biofertilizer is a substance containing living <a href="Micro-organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-organism">micro-organisms</a> which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the <a href="Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">rhizosphere</a> or the interior of the <a href="Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> to the host plant.<a href="#cite_note-vessey2003-1">[1]</a> Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of <a href="Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>, solubilizing <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural <a href="Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycle</a> and build <a href="Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">soil organic matter</a>. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic <a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, but they are not yet able to replace their use. As of 2024, more than 340 biofertilizer products have been approved for commercial use in the US.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div>

Biofertilizers provide "<a href="Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">eco-friendly</a>" organic agro-inputs. <a href="Rhizobium" title="Rhizobium">Rhizobium</a>, <a href="Azotobacter" title="Azotobacter">Azotobacter</a>, <a href="Azospirillum_brasilense" title="Azospirillum brasilense">Azospirillum</a> and <a href="Blue-green_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-green algae">blue-green algae</a> (BGA) are perhaps the species with the longest history of use as biofertilizers. <a href="Rhizobium" title="Rhizobium">Rhizobium</a> inoculant is used for leguminous crops. <a href="Azotobacter" title="Azotobacter">Azotobacter</a> can be used with crops like <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, and other vegetable crops. Azospirillum inoculations are recommended mainly for <a href="Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="Millets" class="mw-redirect" title="Millets">millets</a>, <a href="Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, and <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. <a href="Blue-green_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-green algae">Blue-green algae</a> belonging to the <a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> <a href="Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> <a href="Nostoc" title="Nostoc">Nostoc</a>, <a href="Anabaena" title="Anabaena">Anabaena</a>, Tolypothrix, and <a href="Aulosira" title="Aulosira">Aulosira</a> <a href="Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fix atmospheric nitrogen</a> and are used as inoculants for <a href="Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy crops</a> grown in both upland and lowland conditions. <a href="Anabaena" title="Anabaena">Anabaena</a>, in association with the water fern <a href="Azolla" title="Azolla">Azolla</a>, can contribute nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and can also enrich soils with organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Seaweed_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaweed fertilizer">Seaweeds</a> are rich in various types of mineral elements (potassium, phosphorus, trace elements, etc.), hence they are extensively used as a form of manure replacement by people of coastal districts. Seaweed-fertilizer also helps in breaking down clays. <a href="Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a> is used by Irish people as a biofertilizer on a large scale. In tropical countries, the bottom mud from dried-up ponds which contain abundant blue-green algae is regularly used as biofertilizer in fields.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3></div>

<a href="Plant-growth_promoting_rhizobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria">Plant-Growth Promoting Microorganisms</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Rhizobium" title="Rhizobium">Rhizobium</a>: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium with legumes contributes substantially to total nitrogen fixation. Rhizobium inoculation is a well-known agronomic practice to ensure adequate nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20879835-6">[6]</a> One of the most widespread species is <a href="Rhizobium_leguminosarum" title="Rhizobium leguminosarum">R. leguminosarum</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Bradyrhizobium" title="Bradyrhizobium">Bradyrhizobium spp.</a> (in particular <a href="Bradyrhizobium_japonicum" title="Bradyrhizobium japonicum">Bradyrhizobium japonicum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a> spp. (in particular <a href="Bacillus_amyloliquefaciens" title="Bacillus amyloliquefaciens">B. amyloliquefaciens</a>, <a href="Bacillus_mojavensis" title="Bacillus mojavensis">B. mojavensis</a>, <a href="Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">B. thuringiensis</a>, <a href="Bacillus_licheniformis" title="Bacillus licheniformis">B. licheniformis</a>, and <a href="Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">B. subtilis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacillus_megaterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillus megaterium">Priestia megaterium</a></li>

<li><a href="Azotobacter" title="Azotobacter">Azotobacter spp.</a> (<a href="Azotobacter_chroococcum" title="Azotobacter chroococcum">A. chroococcum</a>, <a href="Azotobacter_vinelandii" title="Azotobacter vinelandii">A. vinelandii</a>)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a> (<a href="Pseudomonas_fluorescens" title="Pseudomonas fluorescens">P. fluorescens</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces sp.</a></li>

<li><a href="Azospirillum_brasilense" title="Azospirillum brasilense">Azospirilium</a></li>

<li><a href="Streptomyces_griseoflavus" title="Streptomyces griseoflavus">Streptomyces grisoflavus</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3></div>

<a href="Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">Mycorrhizal</a> fungi such as:

<ul><li><a href="Glomus_(fungus)#Agricultural_significance" title="Glomus (fungus)">Glomus spp.</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhizophagus_irregularis" title="Rhizophagus irregularis">Rhizophagus irregularis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gigasporaceae" title="Gigasporaceae">Gigaspora spp</a>. (in particular <a href="Gigaspora_margarita" title="Gigaspora margarita">G. margarita</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma spp</a>. (such as <a href="Trichoderma_viride" title="Trichoderma viride">T. viride</a>, <a href="Trichoderma_harzianum" title="Trichoderma harzianum">T. harzianum</a>, <a href="Trichoderma_reesei" title="Trichoderma reesei">T. reesei</a>, <a href="Trichoderma_longibrachiatum" title="Trichoderma longibrachiatum">T. longibrachiatum</a>, <a href="Trichoderma_atroviride" title="Trichoderma atroviride">T. atroviride</a>, <a href="Trichoderma_koningii" title="Trichoderma koningii">T. koningii</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Epichlo%C3%AB" title="Epichloë">Epichloë spp.</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaea">Archaea</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Nitrososphaerota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> (in particular Nitrosocosmicus oleophilus<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Euryarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_matter">Organic matter</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Compost" title="Compost">Compost</a> is commonly used as biofertilizers. It can be used directly on the soil or by using compost-derived products such as extracts or <a href="Compost#Compost_tea" title="Compost">compost-tea</a> made by fermenting compost mass. <a href="Vermicompost" title="Vermicompost">Vermicompost</a>-based innoculants proposed by <a href="Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> methods, <a href="Korean_natural_farming" title="Korean natural farming">Korean natural farming</a> and JADAM<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> are examples of biofertilizers. "Seed balls" using a mixture of clay and compost proposed by the <a href="Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Fukuoka Method</a> could also be seen as biofertilizer. Mixtures of compost with other organic materials such as <a href="Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a> (which helps <a href="Elicitor" title="Elicitor">elicit plant defense</a>),<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> or non-organic materials such as <a href="Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a>-<a href="Illite" title="Illite">Illite</a> clay and <a href="Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a> are also often used to increase the minerals to support organism growth.</li>

<li><a href="Organic_fertilizer#Animal_sources" title="Organic fertilizer">Manure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul>

<a href="Seaweed_fertiliser" title="Seaweed fertiliser">Seaweed</a> and <a href="Blue_green_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue green algae">blue green algae</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Kelp" title="Kelp">Kelp</a> (in particular <a href="Ascophyllum" title="Ascophyllum">Ascophyllum nodosum</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Chlorella_vulgaris" title="Chlorella vulgaris">Chlorella vulgaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Nannochloropsis" title="Nannochloropsis">Nannochloropsis</a></li>

<li><a href="Scenedesmus" title="Scenedesmus">Scenedesmus</a></li></ul>

<a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Arthrospira_platensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthrospira platensis">Spirulina</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li>

<li><a href="Nostoc" title="Nostoc">Nostoc</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolypothrichaceae" title="Tolypothrichaceae">Tolypothrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Aulosira" title="Aulosira">Aulosira</a></li>

<li><a href="Anabaena" title="Anabaena">Anabena</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2></div>

Biofertilizers work through multiple mechanisms. <a href="Plant-growth_promoting_rhizobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria">Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria</a> (PGPR) and <a href="Mycorrhizae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizae">mycorrhizae</a> are generally thought to increase the <a href="Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixation of atmospheric nitrogen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> convert inorganic <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> compounds into soluble forms, increase the <a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of minerals in the soil,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and synthesize <a href="Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">phytohormones</a> that promote growth, such as <a href="Auxin" title="Auxin">auxins</a> and <a href="Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">gibberellin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> Another mechanism proposed is the <a href="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid">AAC</a>-<a href="Deamination" title="Deamination">deaminase</a> production of <a href="Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a> species, which prevents excessive increases in the synthesis of <a href="Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> under various stress conditions.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div>

Biofertilizers are cost-effective and ecofriendly in nature, and their continuous usage has been shown to enhance soil fertility.<a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[20]</a> Besides promoting growth by multiple <a href="#Mechanisms">mechanisms</a>, biofertilizers produces substances suppressing <a href="Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">phytopathogens</a>, guarding plants from abiotic and biotic stresses and detoxification of belowground <a href="Toxic_heavy_metal#Environment" title="Toxic heavy metal">pollutants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Extensive use of <a href="Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> in agricultural practices has been found to cause environmental disturbances and public health hazards affecting food security and sustainability in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Biofertilizers offers an alternative solution for such agrochemicals, and show yield increase of up to about 10–40% by increasing protein contents, essential amino acids, and vitamins, and by nitrogen fixation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[20]</a>

Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can <a href="Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotically</a> associate with plant roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material into simple compounds, so that they are easily taken up by the plants. Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical <a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> by 30%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases. It has also been shown that to produce a larger quantity of crops, biofertilizers with the ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilizing would lead to the greatest possible effect.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> They advance shoot and root growth of many crops versus control groups.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This can be important when implementing new seed growth.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_Research">Future Research</h2></div>

Biofertilizers have been shown to have varying effects in different environments,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and even within the same environment. This is something that many scientists have been working on, however there is no perfect solution at this time. They however, have been shown to have the most profound effects in drier climates.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> In the future, it is hoped that biofertilizers effects will be better controlled and regulated in all environments, as well as analysis targeted at specific species.

<ul><li><a href="Bioeffector" title="Bioeffector">Bioeffector</a></li>

<li><a href="Endophyte" title="Endophyte">Endophyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_inoculant" title="Microbial inoculant">Microbial inoculant</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhizobacteria" title="Rhizobacteria">Rhizobacteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Seaweed_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaweed fertilizer">Seaweed fertilizer</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVessey2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vessey, J. Kevin (2003). "Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers". Plant and Soil. 255 (2): 571–586. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PlSoi.255..571V">2003PlSoi.255..571V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026037216893">10.1023/A:1026037216893</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37031212">37031212</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u.osu.edu/vegprolab/microbe-containing-products-advertised-to-enhance-crop-growth/">"Microbe-containing Products Advertised to Enhance Crop Growth | Vegetable Production Systems Laboratory"</a>. u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-02.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explogrow.com/agri-beneficial-microbes-and-effects-of-organic-bio-fertiliser-on-soil-plant-and-disease">"Listing 17 bio-fertilizer microbes and their effects on the soil and plant health functions"</a>. Explogrow. 15 June 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172735/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/36/1/Kiguli.PDF">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ru.ac.za/36/1/Kiguli.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-05-03.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHtweMohSoeMoe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Htwe, Aung Zaw; Moh, Seinn Moh; Soe, Khin Myat; Moe, Kyi; Yamakawa, Takeo (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy9020077">"Effects of Biofertilizer Produced from Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Plant Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, Nutrient Uptake, and Seed Yield of Mung Bean, Cowpea, and Soybean"</a>. Agronomy. 9 (2): 77. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy9020077">10.3390/agronomy9020077</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrookshireWurzburgerCurreyMenge2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brookshire, E. N. J.; Wurzburger, Nina; Currey, Bryce; Menge, Duncan N. L.; Oatham, Michael P.; Roberts, Carlton (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527854">"Symbiotic N fixation is sufficient to support net aboveground biomass accumulation in a humid tropical forest"</a>. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 7571. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.7571B">2019NatSR...9.7571B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-43962-5">10.1038/s41598-019-43962-5</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527854">6527854</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31110241">31110241</a>.</cite>

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</style><div id="Plant_nutrition_/_Fertilizer127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a> / <a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Physiological_plant_disorder" title="Physiological plant disorder">Imbalances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Boron deficiency (plant disorder)">Boron deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Calcium_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)">Calcium deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Iron deficiency (plant disorder)">Iron deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnesium_deficiency#Plants" title="Magnesium deficiency">Magnesium deficiency#Plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Manganese_deficiency_(plant)" title="Manganese deficiency (plant)">Manganese deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Molybdenum_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Molybdenum deficiency (plant disorder)">Molybdenum deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrogen_deficiency" title="Nitrogen deficiency">Nitrogen deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Phosphorus_deficiency" title="Phosphorus deficiency">Phosphorus deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Potassium_deficiency_(plants)" title="Potassium deficiency (plants)">Potassium deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Zinc_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Zinc deficiency (plant disorder)">Zinc deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">Chlorosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fertilizer_burn" title="Fertilizer burn">Fertilizer burn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">Nitrogen assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">Phosphorus assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">Sulfur assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">Photorespiration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fertigation" title="Fertigation">Fertigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fertilizer_tree" title="Fertilizer tree">Fertilizer tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_manure" title="Green manure">Green manure</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoagland_solution" title="Hoagland solution">Hoagland solution</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroponic_dosers" title="Hydroponic dosers">Hydroponic dosers</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_mulch" title="Living mulch">Living mulch</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_budgeting" title="Nutrient budgeting">Nutrient budgeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_management" title="Nutrient management">Nutrient management</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">Organic fertilizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_tissue_test" title="Plant tissue test">Plant tissue test</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_rate_application" title="Variable rate application">Variable rate application</a></li>

<li><a href="Controlled-release_fertiliser" title="Controlled-release fertiliser">Controlled-release fertiliser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Agrobiology" title="Agrobiology">Agrobiology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algal_nutrient_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal nutrient solutions">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Biostimulant" title="Biostimulant">Biostimulant</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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